{"id":381,"date":"2019-05-16T10:52:37","date_gmt":"2019-05-16T16:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roc.ai\/?p=381"},"modified":"2019-05-16T10:52:37","modified_gmt":"2019-05-16T16:52:37","slug":"when-misinformation-endangers-lives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roc.ai\/2019\/05\/16\/when-misinformation-endangers-lives\/","title":{"rendered":"When Misinformation Endangers Lives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The use of automated face recognition in law enforcement is not a binary discussion point. Yet, the political leaders of San Francisco have turned it into just that with recent legislation that bans local government agencies use of the technology. In turn, the safety of their citizens is being put at risk without any rational justification. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">How law enforcement uses face recognition <\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">At the core of the issue is a misunderstanding regarding how <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/roc.ai\/face-recognition-software\/\">face recognition<\/a> technology is used in law enforcement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Heavy-handed authoritarian regimes in China, Russia, and elsewhere may seek to use face recognition as a surveillance tool that would suppress the same civil liberties guaranteed to United States citizens by the constitution. However, in the U.S. the overwhelming majority use of face recognition technology by law enforcement is as a forensic identification tool <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ijis.org\/news\/439103\/Joint-IJIS-and-IACP-Task-Force-Produces-Facial-Recognition-Use-Case-Catalog-for-Law-Enforcement.htm\">used to help identify perpetrators of violent and harmful crimes<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">When used properly, face recognition technology is one of the most powerful tools available in today\u2019s law enforcement investigations. For example, if someone robbed a bank, and their face was captured on camera, trained facial examiners using face recognition technology could search a surveillance video frame against a database of mugshot arrest photos in order to generate an investigative lead. Or, as happened recently, a high quality face image was captured of a person in an elevator moments before he broke into a young woman\u2019s apartment and assaulted her. Or, when police collect child pornagraphy evidence, face recognition technology is used to identify and rescue the victims, as well as identify any perpetrators in the imagery. There are thousands of other cases over the years where grotesque or systematic crimes have occurred and face recognition was invaluable tool for identifying the culprit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">As a frame of reference, here are the <a class=\"inline-link\" class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ucr.fbi.gov\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2017\/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017\/tables\/table-6\">2017 Crime Statistics in the City of San Francisco<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Population: <\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">881,255<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Violent Crime:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">6,301<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Murder:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">56<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Rape:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">367<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Robbery:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">3,220<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Aggravated Assault: <\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">2,658<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Property Crime:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">54,356<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Burglary:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">4,935<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Case of Larceny-Theft:<\/strong> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">44,587<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight:400;\"><strong>Cases of Motor Vehicle Theft: <\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight:400;\">4,834<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Unfortunately, due to a blanket overreaction by government leaders, face recognition technology cannot be used when investigating any of these harmful crimes in San Francisco, even if a high quality face image of a perpetrator is available.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The Board of Supervisors in San Francisco do not seem to understand these clearly positive and potentially life-saving uses. <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/files\/2019\/05\/07\/leg_ver3.pdf\">As the bill states<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The propensity for facial recognition technology to endanger civil rights and civil liberties substantially outweighs its purported benefits<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">That is, they believe their law enforcement officers are more likely to use face recognition technology to violate the constitution than to help the lives of their citizens. This is despite the sworn oath every officer takes to uphold the constitution and lack of precedence of face recognition misuse. Why does San Francisco even have law enforcement agencies if they cannot be trusted to protect and uphold constitutional rights? <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Face recognition is an accurate identification method<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">As stated in the bill, there is a belief that face recognition is an inaccurate technology. Aside from the obvious contradiction that it cannot both be inaccurate and also used to track, surveil, and oppress citizens, <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/115\/24\/6171\">automated face recognition technology is often more accurate than humans<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Automated face recognition accuracy is also improving at staggering rates. Over the last several years there has been over a 1,000x reduction in error rates by face recognition algorithms. And, despite these tremendous improvements, several years ago automated face recognition was already an invaluable law enforcement tool.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">With over a decade of use in policing in the U.S., there have been <em>zero documented cases<\/em> of automated face recognition technology resulting in wrongful arrests. One reason is that face recognition search results are not probable cause for arrest. Another is that law enforcement agencies do not use face recognition as a purely automated technology; human analysts examine the search results in forensic identification. And there are generally strict\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiswg.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">standards and guidelines<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiswg.org\/\"> followed by law enforcement officials<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">There are inaccuracies in every form of identification technology, whether it is latent <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/roc.ai\/roc-sdk-fingerprint\/\">fingerprint analysis<\/a>, DNA, ballistic identification, witness testimony, or the countless other tools used in law enforcement investigations. The key is to understand the limits of the technology, and employ workflows that are informed by the strengths and weaknesses of various identification methods. This is already the case with automated face recognition as extensive\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/topics\/organization-scientific-area-committees-forensic-science\/facial-identification-subcommittee\">guidelines exist for proper usage<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Factors that influence face recognition accuracy<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">There is a belief that face recognition algorithms are \u201cracist\u201d and \u201csexist\u201d. This is misleading and amplified by non-scientific research articles that generate inaccurate media headlines. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">While the accuracy of face recognition can vary due to race, <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"http:\/\/jjhoward.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/demographic-effects-image-acquisition.pdf\">different algorithms and camera types influence accuracy more than race (or skin phenotype)<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">. Differences in the angle of the face relative to the camera also have a stronger influence on accuracy, as do many other environmental factors. Face recognition accuracy has been shown to be lower for women than men, but this clearly seems due to the cultural use of makeup. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Biases in the way humans recognize faces <\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">While there are various biases in face recognition algorithms, humans are unfortunately rather terrible at face recognition when they <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19548173\">lack familiarity with the person they are viewing<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">. Humans are also quite poor at recognizing persons of <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-race_effect\">races other than their own<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The cognitive limitations of human facial identification have resulted in a wide number of false arrests and convictions due to mistaken witness testimony. The issue is so bad that <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innocenceproject.org\/eyewitness-identification-reform\/\">in roughly 70% of DNA exonerations, eyewitness testimony was one of the pieces of evidence that resulted in the false conviction<\/a><\/span><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innocenceproject.org\/eyewitness-identification-reform\/\"><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The importance of facial identification<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Our facial appearance is arguably the single most public piece of information about us. We will hesitate to provide our name to a stranger when asked, but we will readily let everyone in public view our face. Socially progressive countries such as France and Denmark have even <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2018\/08\/16\/france-denmark-bans-full-face-muslim-veils-are-spreading-across-europe\/?noredirect=on\">banned the concealment of one\u2019s face when in public<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">While the linking of our facial appearance to other personal information needs to be regulated, our facial appearance is the first piece of information provided in nearly every public engagement we have. We simply cannot conceal our face and have acceptance in society. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">This is not by mistake either. Facial identification is so important to the human race that we have evolved <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fusiform_face_area\">an entire region of our brain dedicated to the task<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Being misinformed is not an excuse<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Face recognition has demonstrated clear benefits in enabling law enforcement to solve thousands of serious crimes over the last decade without a single example of an innocent person being falsely arrested due to a misidentification. This is an astounding improvement over the legacy method of eyewitness identification. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The Board of Supervisors of San Francisco seem to be unaware of these law enforcement use cases, and have instead determined that the propensity for facial recognition to endanger civil rights and civil liberties (which would already be constitutional violations) substantially outweighs its purported benefits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">The <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.blunt.senate.gov\/news\/press-releases\/blunt-schatz-introduce-bipartisan-commercial-facial-recognition-privacy-act\">bipartisan legislation recently proposed in the U.S. Senate<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight:400;\"> is a great example of an effective approach to regulating face recognition technology. While there are a few areas where the bill needs stronger regulations and restrictions, as we will highlight in a forthcoming article, it is crafted in a manner that will limit the technology\u2019s use for harmful purposes while still allowing all the overwhelmingly positive uses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Being misinformed is not an excuse for endangering citizens, and the San Francisco city lawmakers need to properly justify their decisions. It is hoped that this article can serve as a rational discussion point moving forward amid misinformation that has now confused a growing number of elected officials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight:400;\">Like this article? <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\".\/#blog_subscription-3\">Subscribe to our blog<\/a> or follow us on <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rank-one-computing\/\">LinkedIn<\/a> or <a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/rocfacerec\">Twitter<\/a> to stay up to date on future articles.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><em>Popular articles:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"\/2018\/11\/02\/how-automated-face-recognition-fr-works\/\">How Automated Face Recognition Works<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"\/2019\/01\/22\/emerging-trends-in-commercial-face-recognition\/\">Emerging Trends in Commercial Face Recognition<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><a class=\"inline-link\" href=\"\/2019\/05\/08\/10-steps-for-selecting-a-face-recognition-algorithm\/\">10 Steps for Selecting a Face Recognition Algorithm<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The use of automated face recognition in law enforcement is one of the most powerful tools available in today\u2019s law enforcement investigations, and delivers substantial benefits to society without any documented cases of law enforcement misuse. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":143642095,"featured_media":397,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[677108370,13217],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-policy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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